Critical criminology's impact on prison reform is significant as it challenges the conventional views about punishment and rehabilitation. By emphasizing the social factors contributing to criminal behavior, this approach calls for reforms that address systemic inequalities within the justice system. It advocates for understanding inmate subcultures as products of their environment rather than as inherent criminal identities. This perspective suggests that addressing the root causes of crime could lead to more effective rehabilitation strategies and reduce recidivism rates.

Critical criminology sheds light on transnational organized crime by highlighting how globalization, economic disparities, and power imbalances create environments conducive to such activities. It emphasizes that these crimes often arise from systemic issues, such as poverty and lack of opportunity in certain regions. By analyzing the socio-political contexts that allow organized crime to thrive, critical criminologists advocate for solutions that address underlying inequalities rather than simply focusing on punitive measures. Criminal Behaviour The critical criminology perspective is oo ted in Marxist social theory. One of the strengths of Marxist theory is its insistence that any social phenomenon must be examined within the context of a historically emergent social totality. Crime, therefore, must be analysed in the context of its relationship to the structure of society as a whole. Mainstream criminological theory in general does not do this. Instead, mainstream the or iesoc s on the attributes of individuals or the immediate social settings of these individuals. As David Greenberg (1981:17)points out concerning these theories: The society itself rarely appears. The possibility that its organization its way of producing and distributing material goods, and of organizing its political and legal institutions, for example - might have major implications for the amount and kinds of crime present in a society, as well as for the character of its crime
control apparatus, is not even considered.

 Keep Going Culture Class Critical criminology, as a general theoretical principle, asserts that crime is based in class conflict and the structured inequalities of class society. The class divisions and their associated orms of inequality under advanced capitalism, therefore, generate the problem of traditional crime. The critical perspective, however, must not fall into the trap of merely asserting that there is a relationship between the social formation of capitalism, especially its political and
economic structure, and traditional crime without specifying what the linkages are between the larger social order and criminal behaviour. This section of the paper reviews
,theory and research on the concrete ways the political economy of advanced capitalism generates crime. Four specific topics are examined: 1) the surplus
population which is produced under the conditions of late capitalism; 2) structured unemployment; 3) income inequality and relative deprivation; and 4) capitalisim and the destruction of cooperative social relationships
 Traditional From the critical criminology perspective, "An understanding of crime in our society begins with the recognition that the crucial phenomenon to be considered is not crime, per se, but the historical development and operation of capitalist society" (Quinney, 1980:39). An understanding of the emergence and reproduction of class divisions and their associated forms of inequality are especially important in this regard. To explain traditional crime, in particular, we first need to see how the historical development of capitalism creates a surplus population or economic underclass which commits crime partially as a response to problems of survival and the brutalization of social life. Marxist social theory provides a starting point for an analysis of the historical development of the political economy of capitalism. Marxism breaks with
philosophical idealism and insists that a proper understanding of human action must begin with the existing material conditions and social relationships of people. Keep Going The Suplus Marxist theory, thus, starts with an analysis of the forces and social relations of production and moves on to examine the dialectical relationship between the mode of production and the other cultural and social structures of a society. Marxism analyses society as a social formation, an articulated totality of economy, state, ideology, and so on Immanent change is a fundamental characteristic of social formations due to the contradictions which exist within them. These contradictions are both necessary for, and yet destructive of, these formations. The existence of classes and class struggle is the fundamental contradiction of capitalist society. According to Marx, class it not an attribute of an individual or group; it is a social relationship. Classes are constituted by the social relations of production. Under capitalism
these class relations are inherently exploitative and unstable. The existence of classes implies class struggle and class
struggle implies change. Marxist Theory "Critical Criminology" is a theoretical framework for those interested in critical examinations of law, crime, and justice. American Society of Criminology divisions that adopt a critical perspective include Critical Criminology, People of Color & Crime, Victimology, and Women & Crime. Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences sections include Critical Criminal Justice, Minorities and Women, Restorative and Community Justice, and Victimology. Critical views on crime and justice are also shared by Cultural Criminology, Green Criminology, Convict Criminology, Rural Criminology, Vegan Criminology, Queer Criminology, and others with narrowed focus and/or alternate perspectives. This site attempts to highlight the work of these groups and more, with an emphasis on shared perspectives and goals.
Critcrim.org and the Critical Criminology Facebook page are each intended to assist those learning about critical perspectives on crime and justice. These perspectives include original essays, books, video, news, and other information of interest. News articles are shared to encourage readers interested in gaining accurate views of crime and justice. Video posts are also included to help visitors learn about key critical criminology topics.

 Keep Going Critical Criminology As Quinney(1980:45) notes, "All past history that involves thedevelopment of capitalism isthe history of class struggle Marx argued that capitalists respond to the posibility of rising wages by introducing machinery that displaces workers. The ratio of constant capital (machinery, raw materials) to variable capital (wages) thus tends to rise. Workers who lose their jobs in this process, or who are never hired in the first place, constitute the relative redundant, surplus population. Marx goes on to argue that the existence of this population further depresses wages, since employees workers can be replaced by members of the "industrial reserve army" if they demand excessive wages Capitalism, therefore, systematically
generates a "surplus population", an
"unemployed sector of the working class either dependent on fluctuations in the economy or made obsolete by new technology"
(Quinney, 1980:55). The Suplus This surplus population or economic underclass lives under social, economic, and political conditions which can be described as devastating (Time Magazine,1977, Auletta, 1982). It is here in the marginalized, demoralized, and superexploited sector of the working class that traditional crime often takes root and flourishes. It has long been noted by criminologists that there is a strong relationship between social class and criminality (as measured in official statistics). Despite the attempt of some American criminologists to prove that this relationship is a myth (Tittle, Villemez, and Smith, 1978), the bulk of the evidence continues to show that lower class people do commit traditional crime at a much higher rate than other classes. As Braithwaite (1981:38) points out, "... it has been demonstrated, with degree of consistency which is unusual in social science, that lower class people, and people living in lower class areas, have higher official crime rates than other groups." Critical criminologists argue that predatory crimes, such as burglary, robbery, drug dealing, and hustling, are often pursued by the members of the surplus population out of the need to survive. As Platt (1978:30) notes, "For this population economic conditions of life are unusually desperate and degrading. The high-level property crime and petty hustlers cannot be separated from the problems of survival." Keep Going Political Statistic The surplus population is also heavily involved in intra-class acts of interpersonal violence, as well as increasingly cross-class acts of violence. Rape, assault, child and wife beating, and homicide result from the brutalization and demoralization of life conditions for the surplus population. As Quinney (1980:61) observes, these "...conventional criminal acts ... are pursued by those who are already brutalized by the conditions of capitalism."
While the life conditions of the surplus population under advanced capitalism are undoubtedly related to criminal behaviour, there are other, more specific, factors to be considered if we are to deepen our understanding of the relationship between social and traditional crime. Structural Unemployment One of the most significant of the adverse conditions facing the surplus population is a deep rooted and pervasive level of structural unemployment. Structural unemployment, of course, also increasingly effects millions in the skilled working class and service oriented middle class as well. High levels of unemployment have a very strong relationship to as variety of social problems, including, of course, traditional street crime
 Capitalism As Michalowski (1983:16) notes, "One of the most enduring pieces of data about street crime is that they are overwhelmingly committed by the unemployed and underemployed." The evidence linking traditional crime to unemployment is impressive. In a series of brilliant studies, M. Harvey Brenner (1975, 1976) has shown that between 1920- 3.940 and 1947-1973, in the United States, Canada, England, Wales, and Scotland, there has been significant direct relationship between unemployment and a wide variety of measures of criminal activity. Brenner's research is not limited to an examination of the relationship between unemployment and crime. He has also demonstrated, in a study of New York mental patients over a period of 127 years, that the only significant factor accounting for the rise and fall in admissions to mental hospitals is employment (Brenner, 1973). In addition, he has shown that such diverse phenomena cardiovascular disease, suicide, and child abuse are correlated most highly with unemployment rates. Brenner, however, makes the strongest claims regarding the existence of significant causal impacts of the economy on traditional crime Michalowski In a report to the Joint Economic Committee of the U.S. Congress, Brenner (1975) argue that a 1.4% rise in unemployment during 1970 was "directly responsible" for 7,660 state prison admissions and 1,740 homicides. Later in the same study, he concludes that a1% increase in unemployment sustained over six years would be associated with. Approximately 3,340 admissions to state prisons. Other recent studies corroborate Brenner’s findings, for example, the U.S. Bureau of Prisons has reported a correlation of .77 between their inmate population and the unemployment rate for 15months earlier over a 20-year period. The Bureau's report (1975) argues that unemployment can be shown to be an effective predictor (if not cause) of the crime rate. Phillips, Vote, and Maxwell (1972:503) have demonstrated through the methods of econometrics that a "...labour force/not-in the-labour force formulation has greater explanatory power than the not working formulation, demonstrating the importance of participation rates relative to unemployment rates in explaining crime rates." This is because unemployment rates underestimate the actual number of people out of work Keep Going Bureau's report Thus, labour force participation may be a crucial element in "...explaining crime because participation rates capture long-term trends as opposed cyclical, short-run fluctuations that are more likely to be reflected by unemployment rates" employment and traditional crime can also be linked to the notion of a structurally generated "surplus population" by way of "segmented labour market theories." Conventional economics uses a "human capital" theory to explain labour market success and crime (labour market failure). This model, of course, hypothesizes that potential offenders behave like rational economic actors. That is, they choose between legal and illegal options after weighing the costs and benefits of each. This model also argues that labour market success is related to individual differences in productivity. Productive workers, of course, are rewarded with jobs and high wages. Workers become more productive by acquiring a stock of human capital (education, training skills, work experience). In this profoundly in unidealistic view, workers who fail to "invest" their time acquiring human capital will be forced to settle for low wage jobs or unemployment. Human capital Crime, then, is a rational economic decision which can be deterred by increasing the costs(punishment) to the individual. Segmented labour market theories, on the other hand, argue that the source of structural unemployment and chronic poverty lie in the heavy constraints exerted on individuals by structural economic conditions. Asperger and Pore (1975:72) point out, "...the problem of unemployment is rooted lesson individual behaviour (the failure to acquire human capital) than in the character of institutions and the social patterns that derive from them." Segmented labour market theories see capitalist economies as divided into two distinct markets. The primary market offers jobs with high wages, good working conditions, stability, security, and opportunity for advancement. The secondary (Thompson, Sviridoff, and McElroy, 1981:52). How can the empirical relationship between joblessness and crime be explained. First and foremost, critical criminologists point out that unemployment enhances the attractiveness of crime as a source of income. As Michalowski (1983:16) notes, unemployment "...depresses wages to the level that some prefer crime over seeking out low-paying jobs, while increasing temptation to commit crime for those who are unemployed or able to find only sporadic part-time work." Segmented Second, Michalowski (1983:17) argues that unemployment: ...tends to isolate individuals from full integration into the society, thus weakening the social bond between the individual and the society. Thus, even where individuals are not desperate economic situation, their marginalization provides fertile ground for the growth of criminal incentives. In addition, Michalowski notes that the expectations of unemployment among youth who have not yet sought jobs can produce the same sense of marginalization. Finally, Michalowski (1983:17) points out: "...the loss of self-wort associated with being without work is often a basis for a generalized anger which can find its expression in crime and violence, when it is not turned inward through such things as depression, addiction, mental illness, and alcoholism." At the theoretical level, these findings on the relationship between unhem-sector has jobs which are decidedly less attractive. According to Piore (1977:94) "They tend involve low wages, poor working conditions, considerable variability in employment, harsh and arbitrary discipline, and little opportunity to advance Violence & Crime The poor are confined to the secondary labour market." It is the existence of dual or segmented labour markets under advanced capitalism that generates the surplus population. The structural unemployment and under-employment of the secondary labour market breed the social conditions conducive to traditional crime described by Michalowski. Under such a view, crime prevention policies should not be directed toward individuals (increasing the costs of illegal behaviour), but instead toward the economic and political structure which generates illegal behaviour. CONTINE READING CLICK HERE Unemployment

Criminology: Born A Criminal?

Concepts

Lombroso seem to think that criminals were born criminals  a concept which later dismissed by most criminologists.  Lombroso also looked at skeletons of criminals and he came with the idea that a criminal is a tall skinny or athletic build,  some crazy theories about big nose and big ears all of which were dismissed by modern criminology. Although he is supposed to be the father of criminology not all of his theories but most were wrong.

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Expression

n the UK, this right is protected by Article 10 of the Human Rights Act 1998, derived from the European Convention on Human Rights, which also allows for necessary restrictions to protect national security, public safety, health, reputation, or the rights of others. This right includes holding opinions, receiving and imparting information, and is not limited to political speech

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Behaviour

Studying psychology offers a deep dive into understanding human behaviour, thought processes, and emotions, which can lead to personal growth, improved communication skills, and a wide range of career opportunities. It equips individuals with valuable skills like critical thinking, research, and empathy, making them more adaptable and employable

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Penology

Penology is the scientific study of punishment for crime,including prisons, penal policy, and rehabilitation, and it is, a subfield of criminology, which is the broader scientific study, of crime itself, including its causes, prevention, and, consequences.

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Green Criminology

Green criminology is a sub-discipline of criminology that critically examines crimes, harms, and offenses against the environment and its victims, encompassing human and non-human species and ecosystems. It goes beyond conventional legal definitions to include acts that cause environmental damage but are not necessarily criminalized.

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Judges & Courts

Judges preside over courts, which are the venues for resolving legal disputes and administering justice. Judges interpret and apply the law, ensuring cases are conducted fairly and impartially, ultimately delivering verdicts or sentences. Judges use their legal knowledge to understand and apply the relevant laws to the specific case at hand.

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Social Class

Social class, defined by factors like income, occupation, and education, significantly impacts health outcomes. Individuals from higher social classes often experience better health, higher health literacy, and greater control over their health behaviours, while those from lower classes may facechallenges in accessing quality healthcare and experience poorer health outcomes.

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Age

Age can both influence how social class is experienced and how social class shapes the aging process. For example, retirement, often associated with age, can trigger a decline in income and social status, particularly for those who were in lower social classes during their working lives. Conversely, individuals from higher social classes may experiencen retirement with more financial security and social support.

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Extreme Crimes

Crimes motivated by prejudice against a victim’s race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or other group affiliation. Serious harm to the environment, such as illegal logging, pollution, or wildlife trafficking. Criminal activities carried out by structured groups, often involving violence, corruption, and exploitation.

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Inequalities

‘Power, inequality and social change’ explores key intersecting dimensions of inequality – particularly class, race/ethnicity, sex/gender, sexuality, disability – in detail, with a focus on power relationships and social change, and drawing on theory, research and examples from experience.

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Forensic Psychology

Classic psychotherapeutic settings include private practices, where therapy is offered at a therapist’s home or in private practice rooms, counselling agencies, and therapy services offered in the context of the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK (like ‘Improving Access to Psychological Therapies’ (IAPT) services).

Psychopathy

The concepts of psychopathy and personality disorder are linked to two longstanding areas of debate: (1) where the boundary between the bad and the mad is difficult to identify, who determines criminal responsibility? (2) since the nature of the psychopathy makes patients dangerous, should they be confined to safeguard the public? If so, where – in a prison or a hospital?

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Born Criminal?

The idea that a man can be born a criminal according to the father of criminology the Italian Lombroso, his theory later proven wrong. Lombroso came with theories like a criminal is athletic tall with a big nose or big ears are all theories with no evidence. The modern criminology dismiss all those theories .

Forensic Psychiatrists

These are medically qualified doctors who have specialised in forensic psychiatry. Their work includes the assessment and psychiatric treatment of offenders with mental health problems in prisons, secure hospitals and the community.

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CRIMLAW

Click the image above to open the CrimLaw App — explore criminology quizzes, case studies, and quick-fire tests.

Justice System

The justice system encompasses the various institutions and procedures involved in administering justice, including law enforcement, courts, and corrections. It’s a framework for upholding the law, resolving disputes, and punishing wrongdoing, aiming for fairness and accountability. The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) in the UK decides whether to bring criminal charges against individuals.

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Freedom of Speech

Freedom of speech, also known as freedom of expression, is the fundamental right to express one’s opinions and ideas without censorship or undue interference. This right is crucial for democratic societies, allowing for the free exchange of information, diverse perspectives, and open debate. While considered a fundamental human right, freedom of speech is not absolute and can be subject to certain limitations,

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The Price of Enough:

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ZHMEIA

Zemiology centers on understanding the impact of various actions and structures on individuals and communities, regardless of whether those actions are illegal. Zemiology utilizes concepts like “social injury” and “social injury” to analyze these harms. It also considers the role of power structures, social inequalities, and the potential for social change. <

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Zemiology

Zemiology is the study of social harms. It’s a field that critically examines harms caused by actions, systems, and social structures, often going beyond the traditional focus of criminology on legal definitions of crime. Zemiology explores harms caused by states, corporations, and other powerful entities, even if those harms aren’t necessarily criminalized.

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Crime’s Future

What crime is going to be like in the future? are prison going to bestill available for criminals or the system will change and adopt rehabilitation. Actions they are criminal today they may not be in the future. What happens when this happened? Is the criminal going to have his label all his life? And how can you change such attitude.

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Forensic Psychology

Criminology, psychology, and forensic psychology are related but distinct fields. Criminology focuses on the study of crime and criminal behaviour, while psychology explores the human  mind and behaviour in general. Forensic psychology applies  psychological principles to legal matters, including criminal  investigations and court proceedings Forensic psychology applies psychological principles and knowledge to legal matters, including criminal and civil law.

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Critical Criminology 

Critical criminology is a sociological approach to crime and justice that uses a conflict perspective to challenge the status quo by examining how power, privilege, social status, and economic factors influence the creation of laws, the definition of crime, and the administration of justice.

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Convict criminology

Convict criminology is an academic field and critical movement that centers the firsthand experiences and “voices” of formerly and currently incarcerated individuals within criminology and criminal justice scholarship and policy  debates. It originated in the 1990s from the frustration of ex- convict students and professors with mainstream approaches to prisons, emphasizing that lived experience of incarceration can provide unique and valuable insights to expand criminological understanding.

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Therapeutic work

Forensic psychology applies psychological principles to criminal and civil legal matters, encompassing aspects like understanding criminal behaviour, assessing offenders, and providing treatment within the criminal justice system. Forensic psychologists analyze the psychological factors contributing to criminal behavior, develop strategies for offender rehabilitation, and assist with legal issues such as eyewitness testimony and criminal profiling.

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Power & Possibility

The Power of Possibility is about embracing the potential for growth and transformation that exists within each of us. It’s about recognizing that we are capable of creating the lives we want and then giving ourselves the permission to do so

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Courts & Justice

Magistrates’ Courts: Handle the majority of criminal cases, with either a panel of magistrates or a District Judge (Magistrates’ Court) presiding. Crown Courts: Deal with more serious criminal cases, presided over by a Circuit Judge or Recorder, often with a jury. High Court: Handles the most complex and serious cases, with High Court Judges presiding. Family Courts: Deal with family law matters. Tribunals: Hear specialized cases, like employment disputes. The principle that everyone, including the government, is subject to and accountable under the law.

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Gender

Gender is a complex concept encompassing biological traits, psychological and social aspects of being male, female, or other gender identities. It refers to how a person identifies and experiences their own sense of self, which may or may not align with the sex they were assigned at birth. An individual’s internal sense of being male, female, both, neither, or somewhere along the spectrum.

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Biosocial Criminology

Biosocial criminology investigates how genes and environment influence each other, with some individuals more susceptible to certain environmental influences than others. Biosocial criminology research can inform crime prevention strategies and interventions, but it also raises ethical considerations regarding genetic testing and potential  stigmatization. It explores how brain structure, brain function, and neurotransmitter activity may be related to criminal behaviour. Genetic Predispositions: Studies explore the role of specific genes and genetic variations in influencing antisocial  and criminal behaviour Neuroimaging>

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Mad or Bad

Judges, policymaker and even judges  are having problem to identify someone as mad or bad.  Someone with mental health problems often can act a little strange for the rest of us. Can we label him as mad? Is ha mad or he is behaving bad?

However, that mentality has change since the 19th century , the attitude towards people with mental health and prisoners changed and titles or labels like mad became more gentle to hear.

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Practitioner

Psychologists

Through first studying a British Psychological Society (BPS) accredited undergraduate psychology qualification, which provides Graduate Basis for Chartered membership (GBC), Practitioner Psychologists then complete a postgraduate training programme (usually taking three years) in one of seven areas of applied psychology. The following three areas are particularly relevant for therapeutic work in forensic settings

JUDGE & THE COURTS CRIMINOLOGY AND JUSTICE SYSTEM CRIMINAL JUSTICE A judge is a person who presides over a court of law, interprets the law, and
ensures legal proceedings are, conducted fairly. Their specific duties include
listening to, evidence, making rulings, and, in criminal cases, summing, up the case
for a jury and passing sentence if the defendant is found guilty. Judges are
experienced lawyers who are appointed based on merit. In the UK, they are
appointed by the Monarch on the recommend ation of the Lord Chancellor. The
process ensures judges are independent and selected solely on merit, free from
political influence. The Lady Chief Justice, The Right Honourable the Baroness Carr
of Walton-on-the-Hill, is the Head of the Judiciary of England and Wales and the
President of the Courts of England and Wales. The judicial appointments process is
detailed and takes several months, so be sure to take plenty of time to study this
section before deciding whether to apply. Before you begin an application for a
judicial role, you should consider whether you meet the eligibility criteria for that role

 WHO IS THE JUDGE? CAN HE CREATE A LAW? CRIMINAL JUSTICE CRIMINOLOGY Criminal justice refers to the system and institutions that deliver justice for those who have committed crimes, with the goals of upholding the law, rehabilitating offenders, preventing crime, and supporting victims. The system includes a range of public bodies like the police, the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), courts, and the prison and probation services. These bodies work together to investigate crimes, prosecute offenders, and manage the consequences for those found guilty Statistics: Regular reports, such as those from GOV.UK, track the performance of the system, including prosecution rates and prison populations. Courts: Determine the guilt or innocence of the accused and hand down sentences. JUDGES & THE COURTS CRIMINOLOGY The primary role of the Family Justice Council is to promote an
inter-disciplinary approach to family justice and to monitor the
system. The Council, a non-statutory, advisory body, monitors how effectively the system, both as a whole and through its component parts, delivers the service the Government and the public need. It advises on reforms necessary for continuous improvement. The primary role of the Civil Justice Council (CJC) is to advise the Lord Chancellor, the Judiciary and the Civil Procedure Rule Committee on civil matters. Chairman of the Civil Justice Council and Master of the Rolls is Sir Geoffrey Vos, pictured right. Most cases from the Court of Appeal (Civil Division) are live-streamed on the judiciary’s YouTube channel. Live-streaming of selected cases began in 2019 to improve public access to, and understanding of, the work of the courts. We are working towards making it possible for all appropriate cases to be live streamed. The Appellant brought a judicial review challenge to Enfield’s scheme for allocation of social housing, arguing that it was unlawful both on a public law basis but also, more specifically as it was said to be contrary to anti-discrimination legislation. Deputy High Court Judge Walden-Smith dismissed the claim finding that the only ground that succeeded was that Enfield failed in their duty of inquiry pursuant to section 149 of the EA 2010. There was no remedy, however, as the outcome would not have been any different for RR and his family had Enfield complied with its obligations THE LAW CAN THE JUDGE CREATE THE LAWS? The dog can only become what's in your bubble. The dog is imitating the energy that is in your bubble. You are the source, the feast of energy. If you feel anxious, the dog becomes anxious with you. If you become nervous, the dog wakes up nervous with you. Judiciary's role: A judge's primary job is to interpret and apply existing laws to the specific facts of a case. They must uphold and apply the laws made by Parliament. Parliament's role: Parliament holds the supreme authority to create, amend, or end laws. The laws are made through a formal process of bills being introduced, debated, and passed in the House of Commons and House of Lords, and finally receiving royal assent. Stare decisis (precedent): When a higher court makes a decision, lower courts must follow that precedent in similar cases. Interpreting ambiguous laws: Sometimes, the law is not clear. In these "hard cases," a judge must decide the most appropriate rule by applying existing legal principles and considering the consequences of their decision. Developing common law: The process of applying existing principles to new situations, or overturning outdated precedents, is how common law develops. This is not law-making in the same sense as Parliament passing a new act, but it does result in changes to the law over time. Example: In a case like R v Dica, the Court of Appeal created new criminal liability for inflicting HIV through sexual intercourse, a change that occurred before any new legislation was passed on the matter. Stare decisis (precedent): When a higher court makes a decision, lower courts must follow that precedent in similar cases. This process builds up a body of case law that supplements legislation. CRIMINAL JUSTICE Punishment is the consequence for committing a crime, while prison is one specific form of punishment involving confinement. Historically, punishments were public and painful, but prison became the primary punishment for serious crimes by the 19th century, though it is also used today for rehabilitation and, in some cases, to protect the public. Within prison, further punishments can include losing privileges, earning restrictions, and cellular confinement. Loss of privileges: Inmates can lose privileges like access to a TV or canteen. Cellular confinement: Being locked alone in a cell for a set period can be used as a punishment. Financial penalties: A portion of an inmate's prison earnings can be stopped. "Payback punishments": Some prisons now have rules where inmates perform community-style work, such as cleaning or repairs, for misbehavior. Additional time: For more serious offenses, additional prison time can be given PUNISHMENT DOES PRISON WORK? CRIMINOLOGY READ MORE ABOUT IT Prisons and why they do exists? We all know it is a place for the criminals to go after they found guilty by the courtd . But do all equally punished by the criminal justice system? The answer is No! Prison sbuild for one and only purpose to lock the Black community behind bars and the working class. VICTIMS CRIMINOLOGY READ MORE ABOUT VICTIMS Every criminal activity have a perpetrator and the victim. Victims come in many other ways, victim of rape, victim of assault, victim of bglary, victim of freud etc The Victim to Victimizer paradigm purports to explain the connection between being a victim of sexual abuse and becoming a perpetrator, attributing sexually abusive behavior to a predictable cycle of cognitive distortions and self-destructive and/or abusive behaviors. INNOCENT TILL.... CRIMINOLOGY A fundamental principle behind the right to a fair trial is that every person should be presumed innocent unless and until proven guilty. Many people who are accused of crimes will ultimately be found innocent. The phrase “innocent until proven guilty” reflects a commitment to ensuring fairness and protecting individuals from wrongful punishment. This principle is particularly relevant for individuals charged with a criminal offence, as it guarantees their right to a fair trial and legal representation. But what does it mean in practice, and how does it operate within UK law? In this blog post, we delve into the meaning and application of this principle, exploring its relevance in everyday legal contexts. The principle of “innocent until proven guilty” is a legal presumption that places the burden of proof on the prosecution in criminal trials. In the UK, the presumption of innocence applies to all criminal cases and is a fundamental principle behind the right to a fair trial. This means that when someone is charged with a crime, the legal system assumes their innocence until the evidence demonstrates otherwise. This principle is fundamental to safeguarding individual rights and ensuring that justice is fairly administered. During criminal proceedings, individuals are afforded various rights and protections, including the right to legal assistance, the ability to prepare a defence, and the opportunity to confront witnesses. The rights of the accused are paramount in ensuring a fair trial. Defendants have the right to legal representation of their choice, and free legal assistance must be provided when necessary for justice. CONVICT CRIMINOLOGY enology, the division of criminology that concerns itself with the philosophy and practice of society in its efforts to repress criminal activities. As the term signifies (from Latin poena, “pain,” or “suffering”), penology has stood in the past and, for the most part, still stands for the policy of inflicting punishment on the offender as a consequence of his wrongdoing; but it may reasonably be extended to cover other policies, not punitive in character, such as probation, medical treatment, and education, aimed at the cure or rehabilitation of the offender; and this is, in fact, the accepted present sense of the term. The principal aims of penal science are: to bring to light the ethical bases of punishment, along with the motives and purposes of society in inflicting it; to make a comparative study of penal laws and procedures through history and between nations; and, finally, to evaluate the social consequences of the policies in force at a given time. Thus conceived, penology represents a grouping of studies, some of which, dealing with the aims and the moral or social justifications of punishment, date from a remote past, while others, having to do with the wider social implications of the system, have scarcely yet made a beginning. PENOLOGY

Gender

While testosterone and other aspects of male biology may explain some of the gendered patterning observed in offending behaviour, it is not a sufficient explanation for all differences. For instance, the gap between men’s and women’s offending is narrowing (Kruttschnitt, 2013). This suggests that we must also consider the role of the cultural construction of masculinity and femininity in producing the gap.

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Class

It is first necessary to explore what is meant by social class since it is a much-contested concept, both within academia and among the general population. Nonetheless, objectively it is clear that, as a starting point, there exists some kind of socio-economic structure or hierarchy, e.g. different people have different occupations and have different levels of income and education.

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Age

At what points in our lives might we be vulnerable to problems with our mental health that might influence our identity? How might others’ perceptions of us influence how we think about ourselves and shape our behaviour at varying points throughout the lifespan? The first question raises issues around whether people are more or less likely to engage in offending behaviour at differing ages and the extent to which we might expect good outcomes in efforts to reduce risk of reoffending at different points in the lifespan

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Sexual Assault

CSA and adult sexual assault. Each section provides an overview of key research on the experience, including how prevalent victimisation and perpetration are, and the relationship between being a perpetrator or survivor and other factors. We also include discussions of the consequences for victims, key intervention strategies, and the research regarding the efficacy of these strategies, in each of these sections. After that, we outline treatment strategies for perpetrators of sexual assault and the research on their effectiveness.

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The Editor

The purpose of this website is for education , I apply my knowledge from the university where I study the modules of criminology and forensic psychology , finish with grades second upper class NBA Honour’s, moved to a master degree in criminology and criminal justice law and currently i am on my PhD criminology and law

I want to inform the new students what to expect by study criminology and psychology the values and to prepare the m for the essays they have to complete. Criminology combi with psychology they go hand by hand you understand crime the motives and behaviour of the person who commit the crime.

M I Ro