CRIMINOLOGY FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGYSCIENCEPSYCHOLOGYFORENSIC,,Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior, and unconscious phenomena, thoughts, feelings, and motives in both humans and other species. It is a diverse and multifaceted field, with applications ranging from understanding mental health conditions and human development to shaping workplace dynamics and informing social policy.20 23Forensic psychologists conduct psychological evaluations to assess an individual's mental state, risk of re-offending, and competency to stand trial. They develop and implement treatment programs for offenders to address factors related to their criminal behavior and reduce the likelihood of re-offending. They provide expert testimony in legal proceedings, offering insights into psychological aspects of cases. Forensic psychologists conduct research to improve understanding of criminal behavior and contribute to the development of effective policies and practices within the legal system. Forensic psychology applies psychological principles and expertise to legal and criminal justice contexts.
FORENSIC PYCHOLOGYTHERAPEUTIC IN FORENSIC SETTINGS
These are medically qualified doctors who have specialized in forensic psychiatry. Their work includes the assessment and psychiatric treatment of offenders with mental health problems in prisons, secure hospitals and the community. They often work with more severe mental health problems, and as medical doctors they can prescribe drugs. They have a good underst anding of criminal, civil and case law relating to patient care Therapists begin with an in-depth assessment of a patient's history, relationships, and motivations, developing a hypothesis (formulation) about why offending behavior occurred and what needs to change to manage future risk. arrow_downward[scroll down]SELF DISCLOSURE
In addition to safety, confidentiality, and the avoidance of exploitation, a key ethical principle across counselling, psychotherapy and counselling psychology is that therapy is a voluntary endeavour which clients freely choose to engage in (Bond, 2010). This is part of the ethical principle of autonomy or respect for the client’s right to beself-governing (British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy, 2016b). Another way of putting this would be to say that clients need to provide their consent to engage in therapy. Under UK law consent is defined as being present if a person agrees to something by choice and has the freedom and capacity to make that choice FORENSIC PYCHOLOGYMENTAL HEALTH
The term ‘mental health’ was not commonly used until the 1900s; until then, ‘mad’, ‘lunacy’ and ‘insanity’ were the accepted terms. Throughout this chapter the term ‘mental illness’ will also be used, since it was common in the past; however, the preferred modern term, ‘mental health issues’ or ‘mental health problems’, will be employed throughout the rest of the book. If you're struggling to cope, feeling overwhelmed, or experiencing prolonged negative emotions, it's important to seek support.
arrow_downward[scroll down]Mental health from mad house to asylum change psychiatric clinics the language change is the therapy change? or they treat mental health as bad as they used too Anger is neither good no bad. Anger is a normal human emotion. It is a problem when it is too intense, occurs too frequently, last too long , impacts health, destroys school, work or intimate relationships or when it leads to aggression or violence.3 Apr 2016 FORENSIC PYCHOLOGYMAD HOUSE
In 1403 the hospital was taken over by the Crown and turned into a ‘madhouse’ or shelter for the insane; from 1547 the City of London ran it as a hospital for’ the mentally ill until 1948 (Kent, 2003). The hospital’s name changed from Bethlehem’ to Bethlem and then in turn to Bedlam, a term that is still used to refer to disorder,’ chaos and mayhem. During the eighteenth-century Bedlam was open to the public’ and visitors could pay a fee to come and gawk at the patients. In the early 1790s’ William Tuke, a devout Quaker, led an investigation into the English ‘madhouses’’ and was horrified by what he found. While the 15th century didn't have the’ same level of regulation as later periods
arrow_downward[scroll down]ASYLUM
In 1796 he opened the York Retreat as an asylum to protect those with mental health problems from society, rather than to protect society from the ‘mad’ as had been the ethos of previous institutions. This heralded a new era in the treatment of mental health patients across Europe and the USA and initiated the age of the asylum In 1810 London physician William Blake created a table of the causes of insanity of those admitted to Bethlem, including grief, love, jealousy, pride, religion, study, drink and intoxication, childbed (giving birth or nursing), fevers, family and heredity, contusions and fractures of the skull, and venereal disease FORENSIC PYCHOLOGYMEDIA REP
In most modern media, whether fictional or news, the focus on portrayal and representation of crime is considerable and usually unquestioned. Crimes which dominate are murder and interpersonal violence with styles of depiction, description or reporting which are highly judgemental and make considerable use of stereotypes and assumptions However, while murder is the criminal act that creates greatest apparent public anxiety about crime in Western societies, it is in fact the crime with the lowest risk of occurrence compared to other crimes This focus therefore reflects concern not with actual but perceived risk or danger, and in this chapter, we will discuss how that intersects with the moral and emotional significance of extreme and violent acts. arrow_downward[scroll down]NCSI
It is estimated that in 2013 in the United States two police and crime shows, NCIS (which, stands forNaval Criminal Investigative Service) and CriminalMinds, averaged 33 million per week (Patten, 2013) – about one in 10 of the US population. CSI (Criminal Scene Investigation) in the UK in 2015 had 4 million viewers (around one in 15 of the population), and in the US between 2010 and2015 has run every week with around 25 million regular viewers. In Europe and the UK, a particular genre called Scandinavian or Nordic Noir, concerning often extremely violent and bizarre killings rooted as much in complex and dark social and political problems as the mental health of the perpetrators, has recently become popular FORENSIC PYCHOLOGYHISTORY OF THE PRISON SYSTEM
The UK prison service has evolved from holding offenders awaiting trial to a system focused on punishment, reform, and rehabilitation. Early prisons, like Bridewell Houses of Correction, emphasized hard labor to shape inmates. Later, particularly in the 19th century, the system shifted towards nationalized, centralized control and began to incorporate ideas of rehabilitation and education Imprisonment was primarily used to hold individuals awaiting trial or punishment, rather than as a form of punishment itself. Bridewell Houses of Correction were established, focusing on prison labor to instill work habits. The UK prison system continues to grapple with issues like overcrowding, violence, and the role of privatization.
arrow_downward[scroll down]FORENSIC READ MORE ABOUT Forensic psychology is the application of psychological principles to legal matters, working at the intersection of psychology and the justice system. Forensic psychologists assess individuals' mental states, provide expert testimony, and work with legal and correctional professionals to help with legal questions in criminal, civil, and family court proceedings. Their work can include criminal profiling, assessing a defendant's competency to stand trial, and developing rehabilitation programs.
Assess individuals: Conduct evaluations on defendants to determine competency to stand trial or assess the psychological state of victims and offenders.
Provide expert testimony: Offer expert opinions to the courts, attorneys, and police regarding psychological matters in a case.
Assist in investigations: May assist police with criminal profiling to help identify suspects.
Develop treatment and rehabilitation programs: Work with offenders to address issues related to criminal behavior, develop coping mechanisms, and reduce the risk of re-offending. PSYCHOLOGYTHERAPYREAD MORE ABOUTTherapy in prisons includes a variety of mental health services, such as talking therapies like Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) for anxiety and depression, and more intensive support from "in-reach" teams for severe mental health conditions. These services are part of a broader healthcare system that also addresses substance misuse and can include specialized programs like therapeutic communities or peer-support schemes to help with issues like self-harm and suicide prevention. The goal is to improve well-being, reduce reoffending, and support rehabilitation, although the availability and quality of services can vary between prisons. Talking Therapies: Programs like the NHS's "Talking Therapies" offer support for mild to moderate anxiety and depression, delivered by practitioners who tailor sessions to individual needs.
In-reach teams:
These teams consist of professionals like psychiatrists, psychologists, and nurses who provide comprehensive care for more complex conditions such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT): A widely used intervention to help manage stress, anxiety, self-harm, and suicidal thoughts. IN PRISONSMENTAL HEALTHREAD MORE ABOUT Prisons have a high prevalence of mental health issues, with a disproportionate number of inmates suffering from disorders like anxiety, depression, and psychotic conditions compared to the general population. The prison environment can negatively impact mental health due to isolation, poor conditions, and a punitive regime, leading to increased self-harm and suicide risks. To cope, inmates can utilize support systems like fellow prisoners acting as "listeners," mental health services, and programs that promote physical activity.
High prevalence: Around 40% to 74% of prisoners report mental health or wellbeing issues, a much higher rate than in the general population.
Increased risk: The prison environment, with its isolation, loss of privacy, and harsh conditions, can significantly worsen mental health and increase the risk of suicide and self-harm.
Specific disorders: Prisoners show a much higher prevalence of conditions like psychotic disorders (e.g., 14% of women, 7% of men) and anxiety and depression (e.g., 76% of female remand prisoners) compared to the general public. INMATESPSYCHOPATHYREAD MORE ABOUT Psychopathy is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by a lack of empathy and remorse, antisocial behavior, and superficial charm. It is a neurodevelopmental disorder that exists on a spectrum and is associated with impaired brain function, particularly in the amygdala, which is involved in processing emotions like fear. While not an official diagnosis in the DSM-5, psychopathy is often used clinically and legally to describe a person with a constellation of traits like manipulation, impulsivity, and a disregard for others' rights and feelings, and is sometimes linked to the diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD). Not an official diagnosis: Psychopathy is not a standalone diagnosis in the DSM-5. The closest related diagnosis is Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD), but only a small number of people with ASPD are considered psychopaths. Some youth diagnoses may include "calloused unemotional" (CU) traits to account for psychopathic characteristics. Brain differences: Studies have identified functional differences in brain regions like the amygdala and prefrontal cortex that are involved in emotion, decision-making, and fear response. FORENSICPSYCHOLIGIST ORREAD MORE ABOUTPsychiatrists are medical doctors who specialize in diagnosing, treating, and preventing mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. As physicians, they are qualified to prescribe medication and can assess both the mental and physical aspects of a patient's condition, often working with other mental health professionals like psychologists. Their treatments can include medication, psychotherapy, and other therapies like electroconvulsive therapy or lifestyle adjustments. Referral: You typically need a referral from your general practitioner (GP) to see a specialist, including a psychiatrist.
Initial assessment: In some cases, a team member other than a psychiatrist may conduct the initial assessment and arrange for you to see a psychiatrist if they believe it is necessary.
Medication: If medication is needed for a mental health condition, a psychiatrist is the appropriate professional to consult, as they are able to prescribe it. PSYCHIATRISTREAD MORE ABOUT COMPLEXITY ANDTaking all the above into consideration, life and people are complicated and the eight points highlight a range of problems with digital logic, whether the latter is medical or legal in kind. The points pose an aggregating overall challenge for psychologists.
In the criminal justice system, psychologists operate in a culture in which both medical and legal digital reasoning are common, and they do work, after a fashion, within closed systems, where moral responsibility is assumed to be an all or nothing matter. And yet, we all conduct ourselves with varying degrees of insight about our actions in ever shifting open systems over time and place. In those changing and varied circumstances, we are both determined and determining beings and the ratio between those components of being human varies over settings and across time for the individual being considered (Archer, 2000).
It is only by ‘othering’ a sub-group of humanity (in this case mentally disordered offenders) that an illusion is created of a different set of psychological processes applying to them rather than those who are sane by common consent. SYSTEMSWhat Is Cognitive Psychology? The Science of How We ThinkCognitive psychology is the study of internal mental processes—all of the workings inside your brain, including perception thinking, memory, attention, language, problem-solving, and learning.1 Learning about how people think and process information helps researchers and psychologists understand the human brain and assist people with psychological difficulties.Findings from cognitive psychology help us understand how people think, including how they acquire and store memories. By knowing more about how these processes work, psychologists can develop new ways of helping people with cognitive problemsThis article discusses what cognitive psychology is— its history, current trends, practical applications, and career paths.Prior to this time, behaviorism was the dominant perspective in psychology. This theory holds that we learn all our behaviors from interacting with our environment. It focuses strictly on observable behavior, not thought and emotion. Then, researchers became more interested in the internal processes that affect behavior instead of just the behavior itself. skip_next
