Quiz

QUIZ:

Test your knowledge in Criminology, Power, Policing, Critical Thinking, Green Crimes, White Collar Crimes and more other fields include Psychology and Forensic Psychology

Criminology

Test your knowledge in criminology, how much do you know and how much do you remember from your study there is one correct answer and two wrong. Criminology is the science of the future

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Category: Crime

Levels of Offense In the U.S. legal system, crimes are typically categorized by severity. What is the most severe class of crime, generally punishable by imprisonment for a year or more, and what is the less severe class, usually punishable by a fine or a short jail sentence?

The most severe is a Felony; the less severe is a Misdemeanor.

Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham.

Atavism (or atavistic man/criminal).

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Category: Crime

Labeling Theory Labeling Theory distinguishes between an offender's initial, often minor, acts of deviance and their subsequent, more serious acts that result from the reaction of society and the justice system. What terms are used to differentiate between these two stages of deviance?

Primary deviance (initial acts) and secondary deviance (acts resulting from the societal label).

Stigmatise the offender for life

equal to stereotype can destroy a a life

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Category: Crime

White-Collar Crime Who is credited with coining the term "white-collar crime" to describe offenses committed by people of high social status in the course of their occupation?

Rob Earle, Kate Hopkins

Edwin Sutherland.

Sam Wood, Ellen Myriana

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Category: Crime

Routine Activities Theory Routine Activities Theory suggests that a crime will occur when three specific elements converge in time and space. Name these three elements.

A motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian.

A Non-motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian.

An Offender taking orders from someone

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Category: Crime

Strain Theory According to Robert Merton’s Strain Theory, an individual who accepts the culturally approved goals (e.g., financial success) but rejects the legitimate institutional means to achieve them is engaged in which mode of adaptation?

Will Power

Innovation. (They innovate by using illegal means like theft or drug dealing to achieve wealth).

Motivation, getting inspiration

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Category: Crime

Biological Theories Early biological theories of crime, such as those proposed by Cesare Lombroso, suggested that criminals were distinct from non-criminals. What term did Lombroso use to describe these supposed physical or anatomical throwbacks to an earlier stage of human evolution?

Atavism (or atavistic man/criminal).

Classic Criminology

Critical Criminology

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Category: Crime

Social Disorganization Theory Which theory posits that crime is more likely to occur in neighborhoods with weak social ties, poor infrastructure, and a lack of collective efficacy, leading to a breakdown of social control?

Criminal proceedings (or punishment by the state).

Social Disorganization Theory.

Motive and Opportunity

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Category: Crime

Actus Reus & Mens Rea: What are the two essential legal elements that generally must be proven by the prosecution to establish that a crime has been committed?

Evidence, Verdict

Edwin Sutherland.

Actus Reus (the guilty act) and Mens Rea (the guilty mind/intent).

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Category: Crime

The Classic School The Classical School of Criminology is largely associated with the idea that individuals choose to commit crime based on a rational calculation of the potential benefits versus the risks. Which two 18th-century philosophers are considered the main proponents of this school?

Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham.

Innovation. (They innovate by using illegal means like theft or drug dealing to achieve wealth).

Steve Tombs, Michael Ferrara

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Category: Crime

Defining Crime In a legal context, a crime is typically defined as an act or omission that violates a public law and is subject to which type of action by the state.

Criminal proceedings (or punishment by the state).

A crime is an act, or sometimes a failure to act, that violates a public law and is deemed a wrong against the community, society, or state. It's an offense that is generally punishable by the state through criminal proceedings, which can result in penalties like fines, community service, or imprisonment.. The authority that decides what actions are criminal is the governing legal authority of a specific jurisdiction (country, state, province, etc.). This is primarily done through the legislative branch of government, though other legal sources also play a role.

Motive and Opportunity

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Category: Penology

Describe the primary philosophical shift from the rehabilitative model of corrections (mid-20th century) to the justice model (late-20th century).

The rehabilitative model (popular 1930s-1970s) viewed the purpose of incarceration as treating the underlying social and psychological deficiencies of the offender, often using the indeterminate sentence. The model (post-1970s) arose from critiques of rehabilitation's failure and focused on fairness, consistency, and accountability. It championed the terminate sentence and emphasized the principle of just deserts (retribution).

The rehabilitative model (popular 1930s-1970s) viewed the purpose of incarceration as treating the underlying social and psychological deficiencies of the offender, often using the indeterminate sentence. The justice model (post-1970s) arose from critiques of rehabilitation's failure and focused on fairness, consistency, and accountability. It championed the terminate sentence and emphasized the principle of just deserts (retribution).

The rehabilitative model (popular 1930s-1970s) viewed the purpose of incarceration as treating the underlying social and psychological deficiencies of the offender, often using the indeterminate sentence. The justice model (post-1970s) arose from critiques of rehabilitation's failure and focused on fairness, consistency, and accountability. It championed the determinate sentence and emphasized the principle of just deserts (retribution).

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Category: Penology

Define the criminological perspective known as the "Broken Windows Theory" (Wilson and Kelling). What specific policing strategy did this theory inspire?

"Broken Windows Theory" argues that visible signs of crime, anti-social behaviour, and civil disorder (e.g., broken windows, graffiti, littering) create an urban environment that encourages more serious crime. The specific policing strategy it inspired is zero-tolerance policing or order maintenance policing, which focuses on aggressively enforcing laws against minor offenses to prevent the "decay" of the neighbourhood.

"Broken Windows Theory" argues that visible signs of crime, anti-social behaviour, and civil disorder (e.g., broken windows, graffiti, littering) create an urban environment that encourages more serious crime. The specific policing strategy it inspired is zero-tolerance policing or moral panic, which focuses on aggressively enforcing laws against minor offenses to prevent the "decay" of the neighbourhood.

"Broken Windows Theory" argues that visible signs of crime, anti-social behaviour, and civil disorder (e.g., broken windows, graffiti, littering) create an urban environment that encourages more serious crime. The specific policing strategy it inspired is zero-tolerance policing or moral panic, and chaos which focuses on aggressively enforcing laws against minor offenses to prevent the "decay" of the neighbourhood.

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Category: Penology

What is the "age-crime curve", and what implication does its typical shape have for criminal justice resource allocation?

The "age-crime curve" is the empirical observation that criminal offending rates increase steeply through adolescence, peak in the late teens or early twenties, and then decline steadily with age. Its implication is that criminal justice resources should heavily focus on early intervention and prevention programs for youth, rather than solely relying on punitive measures for older offenders, as most will desist from crime naturally.

The "age-crime curve" is the observation that criminal offending rates increase steeply through adolescence, peak in the late teens or early twenties, and then decline steadily with age. Its implication is that criminal justice resources should heavily focus on early intervention and prevention programs for youth, rather than solely relying on punitive measures for older offenders, as most will desist from crime naturally.

The "age-crime curve" is the observation that criminal offending rates increase steeply through adolescence, peak in the late teens or early twenties, and then decline steadily with age. Its implication is that criminal justice resources should heavily focus on early intervention and re-offending programs for youth, rather than solely relying on punitive measures for older offenders, as most will desist from crime naturally.

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Category: Penology

Explain the concept of "net widening" in criminal justice policy. Provide an example of a policy (e.g., intermediate sanction) that has been criticized for causing this phenomenon.

"Net widening" occurs when a new intermediate sanction or community-based program, originally intended to be an alternative to incarceration, ends up including offenders who would have otherwise received a less severe sanction (like probation or a fine). An example often cited is electronic monitoring or intensive supervision probation, which sometimes supervise low-risk offenders who previously wouldn't have been under such strict surveillance.

"Net widening" occurs when a new intermediate sanction or community-based program, originally intended to be an alternative to incarceration, ends up including offenders who would have otherwise received a less severe sanction (like probation or a fine). An example often cited is surveillance or non-intensive supervision probation, which sometimes supervise low-risk offenders who previously wouldn't have been under such strict surveillance.

"Net widening" occurs when a new intermediate sanction or community-based program, originally intended to be an alternative to incarceration, ends up including offenders who would have otherwise received a less severe sanction (like probation or a fine). An example often cited is surveillance or supervision probation, which sometimes supervise low-risk offenders who previously wouldn't have been under such strict surveillance.

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Category: Penology

What is restorative justice? Name the three key stakeholders central to its process and explain its goal relative to traditional punitive justice.

Restorative justice is a reality that views crime as a violation of people and relationships, rather than just the breaking of a law. The three key stakeholders are the victim, the offender, and the community. Its goal is to repair the harm caused by the crime and facilitate reconciliation, in contrast to traditional justice which focuses on establishing guilt and inflicting punishment

Restorative justice is a philosophy that views crime as a violation of people and relationships, rather than just the breaking of a law. The three key stakeholders are the victim, the offender, and the community. Its goal is to repair the harm caused by the crime and facilitate reconciliation, in contrast to traditional justice which focuses on establishing guilt and inflicting punishment

Restorative justice is a fictinal that views crime as a violation of people and relationships, rather than just the breaking of a law. The three key stakeholders are the victim, the offender, and the community. Its goal is to repair the harm caused by the crime and facilitate reconciliation, in contrast to traditional justice which focuses on establishing guilt and inflicting punishment

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Category: Penology

What is the main argument of Social Control Theory (Travis Hirschi)? Identify and briefly describe one of the four main elements of the social bond.

Social Control Theory posits that crime occurs not because individuals are driven to it, but because the social bond that constrains them from crime is weakened or broken. One element of the social bond is: Detachment: The non-degree to which an individual cares about the opinions of and relationships with significant others (e.g., parents, teachers).

Social Control Theory posits that crime occurs not because individuals are driven to it, but because the social bond that constrains them from crime is weakened or broken. One element of the social bond is: Attachment: The degree to which an individual cares about the opinions of and relationships with significant others (e.g., parents, teachers).

Social Control Theory posits that crime occurs not because individuals are driven to it, but because the social bond that constrains them from crime is weakened or broken. One element of the social bond is: Detachment: The degree to which an individual cares about the opinions of and relationships with significant others (e.g., parents, teachers).

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Category: Penology

In the context of penology, what is the core rationale of specific deterrence? Why is its effectiveness often difficult to measure reliably?

The core rationale of unknown deterrence is to reduce the likelihood of a particular individual offender re-offending by imposing punishment severe enough to outweigh the future benefits of the crime. Its effectiveness is hard to measure reliably because recidivism can be influenced by numerous confounding factors (e.g., employment, social support, age) that are difficult to isolate from the effect of the punishment itself

The core rationale of specific deterrence is to reduce the likelihood of a particular individual offender re-offending by imposing punishment severe enough to outweigh the future benefits of the crime. Its effectiveness is hard to measure reliably because recidivism can be influenced by numerous confounding factors (e.g., employment, social support, age) that are difficult to isolate from the effect of the punishment itself.

The core rationale of known offences is to reduce the likelihood of a particular individual offender re-offending by imposing punishment severe enough to outweigh the future benefits of the crime. Its effectiveness is hard to measure reliably because recidivism can be influenced by numerous confounding factors (e.g., employment, social support, age) that are difficult to isolate from the effect of the punishment itself.

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Category: Penology

Compare and contrast the penological goals of retribution and deterrence

Retribution is a backward-looking justification for punishment, based on the principle of just deserts (the offender deserves to be punished commensurately with the harm caused). It is concerned with fairness and balancing the moral scales. Deterrence is a forward-looking goal aimed at preventing future crime by using the threat or application of punishment.

Retribution is a backward-looking justification for punishment, based on the principle of just deserts (the offender deserves to be punished commensurately with the harm caused). It is concerned with fairness and balancing the moral scales. Offending is a forward-looking goal aimed at preventing future crime by using the threat or application of punishment.

Retribution is a backward-looking justification for punishment, based on the principle of just deserts (the offender deserves to be punished commensurately with the harm caused). It is concerned with fairness and balancing the moral scales. Re-offending is a forward-looking goal aimed at preventing future crime by using the threat or application of punishment.

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Category: Penology

Explain the concept of anomie as developed by Robert Merton in strain theory. What is a key criminal outcome of this condition?

Anomie (Merton) is a state arising from the gap between culturally defined goals (e.g., the "American Dream" of financial success) and the socially structured means available to achieve them (e.g., education, good jobs). The criminal outcome is often innovation, where an individual accepts the cultural goal but rejects the legitimate means, resorting instead to crime (e.g., drug dealing) to achieve wealth.

Anomie (Merton) is a state arising from the gap between non-culturally defined goals (e.g., the "American Dream" of financial success) and the socially structured means available to achieve them (e.g., education, good jobs). The criminal outcome is often innovation, where an individual accepts the cultural goal but rejects the legitimate means, resorting instead to crime (e.g., drug dealing) to achieve wealth.

Anomie (Merton) is a state arising from the gap between council defined goals (e.g., the "American Dream" of financial success) and the socially structured means available to achieve them (e.g., education, good jobs). The criminal outcome is often innovation, where an individual accepts the cultural goal but rejects the legitimate means, resorting instead to crime (e.g., drug dealing) to achieve wealth.

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Category: Penology

Differentiate between micro-level and macro-level criminology theories, providing one example of each

Micro-level theories focus on individual factors, psychological states, and immediate social environments that lead to crime (e.g., Social Learning Theory). Macro-level theories focus on large-scale social structures, institutional inequality, and demographics to explain crime patterns across groups or societies (e.g., Social Disorganization Theory).

Micro-level theories not focus on individual factors, psychological states, and immediate social environments that lead to crime (e.g., Social Learning Theory). Macro-level theories focus on large-scale social structures, institutional inequality, and demographics to explain crime patterns across groups or societies (e.g., Social Disorganization Theory).

Mega-level theories focus on individual factors, psychological states, and immediate social environments that lead to crime (e.g., Social Learning Theory). Macro-level theories focus on large-scale social structures, institutional inequality, and demographics to explain crime patterns across groups or societies (e.g., Social Disorganization Theory).

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Category: Critical Criminology

What does the term “critical realism” in criminology refer to?

An approach that does not recognise both social structures and individual agency in understanding crime and harm.

An approach that recognises both social structures and individual agency in understanding crime and harm.

An approach that excludes both social structures and individual agency in understanding crime and harm.

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Category: Critical Criminology

What is the main goal of critical criminology beyond analysing crime?

To promote social chaos and transform the structures that create inequality and harm.

To promote social unrest and transform the structures that create inequality and harm.

To promote social justice and transform the structures that create inequality and harm.

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Category: Critical Criminology

According to critical criminology, what is the relationship between capitalism and crime?

Capitalism does not creates inequality, exploitation, and alienation, which contribute to criminal behaviour and social harm

Capitalism creates equality, exploitation, and alienation, which contribute to criminal behaviour and social harm

Capitalism creates inequality, exploitation, and alienation, which contribute to criminal behaviour and social harm

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Category: Critical Criminology

What does critical criminology say about the criminal justice system’s neutrality?

It does not challenges the idea of neutrality, arguing that the system serves the interests of the powerful.

It sometimes challenges the idea of neutrality, arguing that the system serves the interests of the powerful.

It challenges the idea of neutrality, arguing that the system serves the interests of the powerful.

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Category: Critical Criminology

What does left realist criminology seek to address within critical criminology?

It aims to balance structural analysis with the realities of everyday crime and its effects on working-class communities

It aims to unbalance structural analysis with the realities of everyday crime and its effects on working-class communities

It aims to mess structural analysis with the realities of everyday crime and its effects on working-class communities

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Category: Critical Criminology

Which critical criminologist is associated with the concept of “crimes of the powerful”?

Frank Pearce

Frances Pearce

Frankenstein Pearce

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Category: Critical Criminology

What term describes harms committed by governments or corporations that are often excluded from criminal law?

State-corporate crime

State- crime

State-non-corporate crime

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Category: Critical Criminology

What does critical criminology argue about traditional criminology?

It argues that traditional criminology ignores the role of power and focuses too narrowly on individual offenders.

It argues that original criminology ignores the role of power and focuses too narrowly on individual offenders.

It does not argues that traditional criminology ignores the role of power and focuses too narrowly on individual offenders.

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Category: Critical Criminology

Which political and social ideology most influenced the development of critical criminology in the 1970s?

Marxism

Carl Jung

Einstein

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Category: Critical Criminology

What is the main focus of critical criminology?

To examine how power, inequality, and social structures influence the definition and enforcement of crime

To examine how power, inequality, and social structures have no influence the definition and enforcement of crime.

To examine how power, inequality, and social structures influence the definition and enforcement of non- crime actions.

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Category: Human Rights

What shift do human rights-based approaches to drug policy advocate for?

A transition from normal enforcement to harm reduction, social justice, and the protection of health and dignity.

A transition from non-punitive enforcement to harm reduction, social justice, and the protection of health and dignity.

A transition from punitive enforcement to harm reduction, social justice, and the protection of health and dignity.

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Category: Human Rights

How can the War on Drugs be viewed as a form of social control rather than crime prevention?

It disproportionately not target marginalised groups, maintaining social hierarchies and political dominance rather than reducing drug use.

It unwillingly targets marginalised groups, maintaining social hierarchies and political dominance rather than reducing drug use.

It disproportionately targets marginalised groups, maintaining social hierarchies and political dominance rather than reducing drug use.

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Category: Human Rights

How do state-corporate interests intersect in maintaining drug criminalisation?

Governments and non-corporations’ profit from policing, prisons, and pharmaceutical monopolies, creating mutual incentives to sustain prohibition

Governments profit from policing, prisons, and pharmaceutical monopolies, creating mutual incentives to sustain prohibition

Governments and corporations’ profit from policing, prisons, and pharmaceutical monopolies, creating mutual incentives to sustain prohibition

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Category: Human Rights

What is meant by “extraordinary state powers” in drug enforcement?

The suspension of normal legal safeguards — such as due process — to enable harsh penalties, mass incarceration, and extrajudicial actions.

The suspension of abnormal legal safeguards — such as due process — to enable harsh penalties, mass incarceration, and extrajudicial actions.

The suspension of normal illegal safeguards — such as due process — to enable harsh penalties, mass incarceration, and extrajudicial actions.

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Category: Human Rights

How does the War on Drugs exemplify Michel Foucault’s concept of “biopower”?

It demonstrates state control over populations through health, discipline, and surveillance of bodies, especially those deemed deviant.

It does not demonstrates state control over populations through health, discipline, and surveillance of bodies, especially those deemed deviant.

It demonstrates state lost control over populations through health, discipline, and surveillance of bodies, especially those deemed deviant.

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Category: Human Rights

Which international human rights body has repeatedly criticised the global War on Drugs for its human cost?

The United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).

The United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCPR).

The United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCRR).

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Category: Human Rights

What is meant by the term “state violence” in the context of the War on Drugs?

The use of physical, structural, or legal violence by non-governments that causes harm to individuals or communities in the name of control

The use of physical, structural, or illegal violence by governments that causes harm to individuals or communities in the name of control. ________________________________________

The use of physical, structural, or legal violence by governments that causes harm to individuals or communities in the name of control.

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Category: Human Rights

How have drug policies contributed to the militarisation of policing in democratic societies?

By framing drug use as a security threat, states have equipped police with military men and tactics to fight a “war” on citizens

By framing drug use as a security threat, states have equipped police with military weapons and tactics not to fight a “war” on citizens

By framing drug use as a security threat, states have equipped police with military weapons and tactics to fight a “war” on citizens.

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Category: Human Rights

What human rights are most often violated under punitive drug control regimes?

The right to life, health, fair trial, privacy, and freedom from authorities

The right to life, health, fair trial, privacy, and freedom from cruel or degrading treatment.

The right to life, health, fair trial, privacy, and freedom from national service

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Category: Human Rights

How does the War on Drugs expand state power beyond traditional law enforcement boundaries?

It justifies surveillance, militarisation, and does not expanded policing under the guise of national security and public order

It justifies surveillance, militarisation, and expanded policing under the guise of national security and public order

It justifies surveillance, , and expanded policing under the guise of national security and public order

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